Mark Myers expert Answer to: Is it up to the person to decide if his habit is an addiction and a problem?

For a person to be diagnosed addicted, it does not require his or her acknowledgment of the problem. However, to meet the criteria of being dependent, according to DSM IV-TR(reference source used by the medical and mental health community to diagnose mental health and substance abuse problems), that does rely on some subjective acknowledgment of the symptoms.

Teens and Synthetic Drug Use

I recently spent some time in a “tobacco” shop in one of our neighboring communities.

I’m very close with someone that worked there at the time and wanted to see what took place there. I walked away incredibly heart broken and disturbed at the amount of people walking in and out with synthetic drugs. It opened my eyes to a horrifying trend in today’s youth culture.

Work Stress Causes 10 Percent of Strokes

Mental stress at work may increase the risk of stroke, a new study says.

The results show that among men in middle and high social classes, those who experienced psychological stress at work were about 1.4 times more likely to have a stroke than others who did not.

10 Tips to Manage Holiday Stress.

10 Tips to Manage Holiday Stress.

1. Remember....you are not alone. Ask others to help out.
2. Don't put off until last moment. That only creates more stress and adds more to the holiday frenzy. Plan ahead.
3. Shop online. Saves time and energy.
4. Remember, it's the thought that counts. Don't place extreme demands for the perfect gift.
5. Keep alcohol consumption in moderation.
6. Reach out to others. For some people, holidays could feel isolating and lonely. Volunteering can help you feel better by helping others, feel more connected to people, and expand your network and resources.
7. Stick to a budget. A maxed out credit card certainly can add to the stress.
8. Be realistic with your expectations. If other family members have other obligations and cannot be with you during the holiday, find other ways to connect. This could include Skype, group phone call, e mails, photos and video's.
9. Set limits. Learn to say no.
10. Do not give in to the belief it is okay to let go because it is the holiday. Unhealthy lifestyles make you feel unhealthy. Also creates feelings of guilt and sometimes anger.

It is important to keep in mind the holidays are supposed to be a time of celebration and joy. Try to enjoy the time, appreciate what you have, think positive, stay in control of your situation and offer yourself a break.

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: How do you get someone with bipolar disorder to understand their diagnosis?

The intensity of bipolar symptoms are different from person to person as well as one portion(depression or mania)of the illness presenting itself more clearly than another. A diagnosis is difficult to determine at times, even for professionals. In order to accurately diagnose someone, professionals are dependent on either the patient's or others interpretation of symptoms. The mania portion of the illness is at times mistaken for anxiety.

Virtual Infidelity: Are You Guilty Of It?

Is a person really cheating on their spouse if the relationship never gets physical? Is it possible to have an online affair that goes too far?

ADHD Holiday Help: House Rules for Children

For the Norman Rockwell family, the holidays are a quiet time of peace, love and togetherness.

However, several weeks of school-free kids, cooped up in cold weather along with visiting relatives and in-laws never seem to paint the same pretty picture!

7 tips to making traveling with your kids a holiday treat

Before you head over the river and through the woods to grandmother's house for Thanksgiving, check out our seven tips to make traveling with your kids a holiday treat.

Taming temper tantrums: Are you doing it wrong?

Research shows that 70 percent of children throw temper tantrums, according to parenting expert Michele Borba.

Wait, what? Who are these 30 percent of calm children, and where can I get one?

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: How can an anxious person prevent, or reduce the effect of, irrational health fears and worries?

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: How can an anxious person prevent, or reduce the effect of, irrational health fears and worries?

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: How do I handle being married to an addict / alcoholic who refuses treatment?

The decision to stay or leave your relationship is not an event but a process. This process is going to take a lot of work. For significant others, there is no clear indicator to let you know when enough is enough. Addicts/Alcoholics will make promises about quitting, minimize the impact and extent of their use, cut back for short period's of times, and show you the person that you knew before the addiction took over, believing change could happen.

7 Tips to Avoid Family Holiday Travel Tension.

Ah, the holidays. It's filled with joyous moments where family gathers to share food, fun--and

generally tries not to get too annoyed with one another.
Flying or driving to that Thanksgiving dinner can be stressful enough. But then there is the added extra stress of cramming into Grandma's one-bedroom condo in Florida or staying with the overbearing in-laws for for longer than you'd care to.


R

Could zapping the brain with magnets help you overcome aggression and social anxiety?

Our emotions can be controlled by stimulating the brain with magnets, scientists have revealed.
A study using magnetic stimulation (TMS) found people could not control their impulses as much when the front part of the cerebral cortex was less active.
Experts believe it could be used to help people overcome strong urges to avoid social situations, such as a party.

Focus on the Behavior, Not the Argument

A parent's job is to teach, guide, direct, and protect their children. At times, this job

description may require different actions on a parent's part when it comes to addressing the needs of their child. For example, if a child is staying out past curfew that would be a directing moment(when to come home and what consequences will be if late) more than a teaching moment(explaining the dangers and problems of staying out late). Furthermore, the longer the discussion goes on about the why it is important to obey curfew, the longer the child will feel this expectation is negotiable. Children do not have to agree with a rule, just understand the need to follow it. The longer you get caught up in the argument, the less effective you will be in addressing the behavior.

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: How can I become a happier person?

Happiness is an individual and subjective experience. How someone defines it and views it, is what happiness is to them. A moment of happiness for a teenager or adrenalin seeking adult could be a going down a high thrill roller coaster ride. For others (those of us more ground based) this could be a very unpleasant activity. There is not one universal accepted experience or state of mind that defines happiness. An individual concept of happiness is formed by subjective interpretations of events and expectations set forth by themselves or others.

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: What is the best way to help a friend who is suffering from professional burnout

The first step is trying to educate him that he/she is experiencing "burn out." Does your friend

identify feeling burnout. Some of the classic symptoms include: feeling a loss of control over work environment, dreading going to work, anxiety over work situation, negative attitude about work, working long hours and still not feeling caught up, feeling unappreciated, and talking about work in a negative context. This could personally impact on someone in the following ways: sleep difficulties, anxiety, feeling hopeless, depression, family relations, personal relations, and even physical symptoms.

Siblings & Autism: How Are Kids Affected by Special Needs Brothers & Sisters

It's a question that not everyone asks or even thinks about, unless you are the parent to more

than child and especially if you are a parent of a child with special needs and a child/children with no special needs.

How are your other children affected by your aspergers child?

An estimated five million "developing" Canadian children have siblings with some type of disorder (eg., ADHD, Austism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Palsy, Downs, Depression), and often these children can feel left out, pushed behind the parental wall while parents focus on the child with special needs, and left feeling empty, alone and un-loved.

When Trace was born, JJ was seven years old. He was so excited to have a little brother. Heck, he was excited just to have a sibling that belonged to him. He had dreams and plans, things he wanted to do with his brother, how he wanted to be a big brother and dreams for the future of their relationship.

Results versus Process

Individuals making important decisions in life at times could find themselves immobilized but focusing too much on end results. While possible outcomes are helpful to look at when making a big decision, we need to remember there are many intangibles involved that impact on the actual results.

An example of this would be a wife of an alcoholic decides to divorce her husband after many unsuccessful years of trying to get him to stop drinking. After the divorce he could choose to remarry and stop drinking. This does not mean she made the wrong decision. At the time she choose to take an action based on information she had at her disposal, such as, years he was drinking, repeated requests to stop, financial and emotional resources that were effected by his drinking, and where she was at emotionally.

If we look back or evaluate the process involved in making a decision we are choosing NOT to making ourselves responsible for other peoples actions. We cannot control outcomes but can control ourselves. The effort and thought in making a decision is more important than the results.

Mark Myers Expert Answer to:What sort of hacks can I use to snap out of depression?

What sort of hacks can I use to snap out of depression? I've been diagnosed with depression, but don't want to take medication.

Depending on the severity, the length of time it has been going on, and the impact it is having on your life, there are different ways someone can address feeling depressed. The first step is learning more about your depression. Try to determine patterns to your depression. Is it more intense during certain times of the day, talking with certain people, or thinking certain thoughts? Are some days better than other days? Is it more intense during certain times of the year? How long does it last when you are depressed? Keeping a journal would be one way to help determine patterns.

This information gathering is going to be helpful. If you feel depressed more during Winter time(for most people in general this is common to some degree), this may suggest a possibility of Seasonal Affective Disorder. Interventions could include increasing activities, buying a light therapy lamp, or increasing excercise routine.

While gathering information you may also see a pattern to how you think. Are you looking at situations pessimistically? Are you feeling lonely? Are you feeling depressed because of certain relationships or lack there of? How are you sleeping and does lack of sleep impact on your emotions? If you see a point of origin to your depression, you can implement a plan of action to address this.

Some strategies could include: increase/include exercise, vitamins, increase social networks, hypnosis, volunteer, join support group, involve yourself in religious activities or organisations, or changing your way of thinking. Medication does not have to be involved, but in some cases it is necessary. Talk therapy could also be introduced. A therapist could help you in planning out a course of action.

Mark Myers expert answer to: Why do so many children and young people feel fear, powerlessness, anger and/or disgust towards school?

I am not sure there are studies that would support your belief that most children feel fear, powerlessness, anger,and disgust towards school. These are intense emotions that you are describing. I see through my practice, children feeling anger toward going to school but that does not mean they are angry at the school system itself. As a rule, children/youth are very self focused and do not have the ability to plan or look ahead. They are very attune to the here and now. Asking them to participate in an activity that requires effort and structure, is something that goes against their developmental write up.

What to Expect When You Have ADHD Kids | ADHD Mom Blog

Have you ever thought, "I give this child my all. I have nothing left for myself, my spouse, or my other child(ren)," or, "I worry about my child’s future constantly"?

Do you wish someone had written -- and you'd read -- a guide called What to Expect When You're (Not) Expecting a Special Needs Child to help prepare you for your child's challenges? If so, you're not alone.

As I mentioned in my last post, I coedited a book aimed at bridging the gap between parents of “Easy to Love but Hard to Raise” children, those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), learning disabilities (LD), sensory processing disorder (SPD), or other alphabet soup conditions that take the already difficult job of parenting and add to the challenge.

FAMILY LIFELINES: Handling parenting stress

We are all living with stress in our lives. Stress is the reaction we have to a situation presented to us. We need some stress in our lives. Positive stress is what gets us up and going every day. Some stress works positively for us by providing the extra energy to help us work through our ...

How meditation relieves the subjective experience of pain

Meditation can relieve pain, and it does so by activating multiple brain areas, according to an April study in the Journal of Neuroscience. Fadel Zeidan of Wake Forest University and his colleagues scanned people’s brains as they received uncomfortably hot touches to the leg. When subjects practiced a mindful meditation technique that encourages detachment from experience while focusing on breathing, they reported less pain than when they simply paid attention to their breathing.

Helping Visual, Auditory, and Tactile ADHD Learners

Each child has his or her own learning style — a unique way of taking in and processing

information. Most kids – especially ADHD students – use all of their five senses for learning, but often favor one sense over the others.

"Visual learners" prefer reading or observing. "Auditory learners" do best with talking and listening. "Tactile/kinesthetic learners" benefit most from a hands-on approach.

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: Why is criticism considered with negative connotations?

Why is criticism considered with negative connotations?
Edit
Criticism appears to be the greatest gift one may bestow upon another if the other is truly interested in growing and discovering a heightened self-awareness.

It appears that people frequently take things personally and leave situations gravely offended rather than thankful that someone has brought new light to an issue:

Twelve bullying myths

Myths and misconceptions
Not a day goes by without another gut-wrenching tale of bullying making headlines. Schoolyards erupt in violence. Social-media sites turn into cyber lynch mobs. Kids commit suicide after enduring months of abuse. Despite all the media attention, parents often remain in the dark about what actions to take when it happens to their children — or when their children bully others.

Steroid use increasing in athletic community

Anabolic steroids are familiar to many of us as the synthetic substances used by some athletes to help promote the growth of skeletal muscle. There are now more than 100 different kinds of anabolic steroids, all of which require a prescription to be used legally in the United States. Those who would use and/or distribute them illegally have been able to obtain these steroids by smuggling them into the country from foreign sources, synthesizing them in underground laboratories, or by stealing or diverting them from pharmacies. Unfortunately, the illegal use of these drugs has grown into a huge issue, especially in the athletic community.

Lessons from Sherlock Holmes: Don’t Decide Before You Decide

When we make a decision, we are, in fact, deciding. It’s plain common sense. The definition of a decision. A tautology if ever there was one. Right? Actually, wrong. While it may indeed seem a commonsensical tautology, the truth is that we often decide long before we’re making a decision: our preconceptions, biases, behavioral habits and usual ways of acting have long since decided for us.

The Ways We Talk About Pain

The experience forced me to think about our relationship to pain—not chronic pain, but acute

experiences: how much of it we think we’re allowed to feel, how much of it that we express, and how we’re supposed to respond when we’re hurt. None of us are immune to physical pain. At the very least, we’ve all likely stubbed a toe or scraped a knee at some point. Some of us have broken bones. And we’ve probably had some degree of headache. However, for each of these scenarios there is a particular response. If you stub your toe, for example, and behave as though you’ve broken your leg, you’ll likely be met with skepticism about the magnitude of pain you claim to feel. And if you persistently do this, your reputation may lead toward dramatic or hyperbole.

The Hedonic Nose: Pleasure May Organize Your Sense of Smell

The nose has long been viewed as a disorganized sensory organ, its odor receptors strewn about with very little rhyme or reason. A study in Nature Neuroscience, published online September 25, challenges that notion. It suggests that odor receptors are grouped by the pleasantness of the odors they detect.

Speech Disorders May Be Helped Using Rhythm and Familiar Words

Singing therapy is often used to restore fluency to sufferers of speech disorders due to stroke. Recent research found, however, it may not be the singing itself that helps. Christie Nicholson reports

Depressed Patients May Process Hate Feelings Differently

Depressed Patients May Process Hate Feelings Differently
Activity in the brain's "hate circuit" is out of sync across the circuit's three regions, leading to self-loathing and other failures to deal appropriately with feelings of hate, research suggests.

History and the Decline of Human Violence

History and the Decline of Human Violence. In a magisterial new book, Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker argues that humanity's ‘better angels’ are triumphing

Mark Myers expert Answer to: What are the best ways to convince other people that "negative" incidents from your past won't be relevant for your future?

Responses to this question may differ depending on the people and the negative incident(s) from your past. If the incident was of a grievous nature, for some they may never get past it. Even if the incident(s) was not significant, some individuals have a difficult time moving past impressions they have of other people.

Out of the Darkness, Suicide Awareness and Prevention

Standing in a sea of people preparing for the Out of the Darkness Walk for R.I.T.A. is a women holding a board with pictures of a young man who should now be in the prime of his life.
“He didn’t realize how special he was, and how many people cared about him. We’re walking in his memory in hopes that others will know there is always someone they can reach out to,” said Rena Charboneau.
Daniel, a family friend, ended his life at the age of 18. And like the 1,000 other walkers that raised just under $100,000 at the morning’s awareness and fundraising event, Team Daniel hopes their efforts may inspire others to make the outreach effort Daniel ultimately did not.
“We need to talk about suicide, about behaviors that warn us that someone is considering it. We need to realize mental illnesses have treatments that work, and that no one should feel shame in needing help,” said Lisa Riley, co-chair of the walk and president of the capitol region chapter of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.

What do parents really need to know about bullying? It's not necessarily what you think.

You'll know when your child is being bullied. Just because your child doesn’t tell you he or she is being bullied doesn’t mean it’s not happening. In 2007 almost a third of middle and high schoolers reported that they’d been bullied at school. And those are the ones who admitted it. “It’s one of those silent issues,” Williams says. Many kids don’t speak up because they think that it will lead to more abuse, because they’re ashamed, and because of the powerful unwritten code against snitching.

A-B-C Theory of Emotional Disturbance
“Men are disturbed not by things, but the view which they take of them.”
1st century A.D. Epicieus,

It is not the event, but rather our interpretation of it that causes our emotional reaction.

A. Activating Experience

Woman friend breaks the news that she is going out with another man, and therefore wants to break off the relationship with you.

B. Belief about (or interpretation of the experience)

“ I must really be a worthless person.”
“I’ll never find another great woman like her.”
“She doesn’t want me therefore no one could possibly want me.”
and/or
“This is awful.. Everything happens to me.”
“That witch! She shouldn’t be that way.”
“I can’t stand the world being so unfair.”

C. Upsetting emotional consequences

Depression and\or Hostility

D. Disputing of irrational ideas

“Where is the evidence that because this woman wishes to end our relationship, that I am worthless person: or that I’ll never be able to have a really good relationship with someone else: or even that I couldn’t be happy alone?”

and\or

“Why is it awful that I’m not getting what I want?” “Why shouldn’t the world be full of injustices?”

E. New emotional consequence or effect

Sadness: (“Well, we did have a nice relationship, and I’m sorry to see it end-but it did have it’s problems and now I can go out and find new friends.”)

or

Annoyance: (It’s annoying that she was seeing someone else but it isn’t awful or intolerable.”)

Can drugs drill holes in your brain?

The idea of drugs tunneling their way through the brain, worms to the mind’s apple, is a frequent metaphor I hear. I wrote on the topic for Discovery’s Curiosity and resurfaced it to prepare material for drug education talks with high schoolers. Here’s a simple look back at the common question, which never fails to remind me just how complex, yet undeniably vulnerable, our brains are:

Myers Counseling Group Expert Answer to: Why do some people not like the concept of change?

People may not like to change for a variety of reasons. Among them is change offers something different. Different means less predictability and more of the unknown. Individuals may feel a loss of control with the unknown. For some, this is a very uncomfortable experience. It may be uncomfortable enough to discourage change even though it may be beneficial for them.

For kids with OCD, adding therapy to drugs helps

Children plagued by the repetitive behaviors, irrational fears and intrusive thoughts of

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder often get some relief from widely prescribed antidepressants. But when they also get a form of psychotherapy that teaches them different ways to think about and respond to their fears and compulsions, they get much better, a new study finds.

Diet linked to teen mental health issues

Adolescents who eat healthy diets packed with fruit and vegetables have lower rates of mental health problems, a study shows.

A study of 3000 adolescents has found that those who had poor diets filled with junk and processed foods were more likely to suffer mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.

While other studies have shown links between diet quality and mental health disorders in adults, the new research is the first to demonstrate the link in adolescents.

Is it more selfish to have children or to remain childless?

Mark Myers Expert Answer to:

Why Laughter May Be the Best Pain Medicine

Laughing with friends releases feel-good brain chemicals, which also relieve pain, new research

indicates.

Until now, scientists haven't proven that like exercise and other activities, laughing causes a release of so-called endorphins.

"Very little research has been done into why we laugh and what role it plays in society," study researcher Robin Dunbar, of the University of Oxford, said in a statement. "We think that it is the bonding effects of the endorphin rush that explain why laughter plays such an important role in our social lives."

Girls' and boys' brains: How different are they?

When my son was a toddler, his best friend, a girl, gave him a sparkling dancing Katrina doll for a birthday present. He'd apparently admired the doll at her house, but once he got it he never played with it – until the day I found him chasing his little brother around with the doll, which he'd managed to twist into the shape of a gun.

Boys will be boys? Proof that gender differences are hardwired? Not so fast. Like most parents, I have just as many tales illustrating the influence of nurture on my son's behavior. At preschool one day, as he was playing dress up with two girlfriends, he donned a scarlet tutu. Within a minute an older, cooler boy guffawed, "Boys don't wear dresses!" He never put on girl clothes again.

How ADHD Children Can Control Emotions

When children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) practice controlling their emotions and impulsive outbursts, they will be healthier and happier at school and home.

Why are Children Bullied and What Can a Parent Do?

Why are some children (and adults) singled out as targets for bullying and what can be done to prevent it?

According to the National Education Association Nationwide study on bullying, hundreds of thousands of children become victims each year, affecting nearly 30 percent of school-aged kids on a monthly basis. The acts of violence take place verbally, physically and within the cyber world and can create life-long damage.

35 Proven Stress Reducers

35 Proven Stress Reducers

1. Get up 15 minutes earlier in the morning. The inevitable morning mishaps will be less stressful.

2. Don’t rely on your memory. Write down appointment times, when to pick up dry cleaning, etc.

3. Practice preventive maintenance. Your car, appliances, home or relationships will be less likely to break down/fall apart “at the worst possible moment”.

4. Eliminate (or restrict) the amount of caffeine in your diet.

5. Procrastination is stressful. Whatever you want to do Tamar, do today; whatever you want to do today, do it now.

6. Plan ahead. Don’t let the gas tank get to low, don’t wait until your down to your last postage stamp to buy more, etc..

7. Don’t put up with something that doesn’t work right. If your alarm clock, wallet, windshield wipers-whatever-are a constant aggravation, get them fixed or get new ones.

8. Allow 15 minutes of extra time to get appointments. Plan to arrive at the airport one hour before domestic departures.

9. Be prepared to wait. A paperback book can make waiting in line almost enjoyable.

10. Always set up continency plans, “just in case”. (i.e., “if for some reason either of us is delayed, her is what we’ll do...”).

11. At times, relax your standards. This world will not end if the grass doesn’t mowed this weekend, if the laundry is cleaned on Sunday instead of Saturday, etc..

12. For every one thing that goes wrong, there are probably 10 to 50 or 100 blessings.
Count ‘ em!!!

13. Ask questions. Taking a few minutes to repeat back directions, what someone expects of you, etc.., can save hours.

14. Say No! Saying no to extra projects, social activities and invitations you know you don’t ha\ve the time or energy for takes practice, self respect and a belief that everyone, everyday needs quiet time to relax and to be alone.

15. Unplug your telephone. Want to take a long bath, sleep or read without interruption? Drum up the courage to temporarily disconnect. (The possibility of there being a terrible emergency in the next hour or so is almost nil).

16. Simplify, simplify, simplify.

17. Make friends with nonworriers. Nothing can get you into the habit of worrying faster than associating with chronic worrywarts.

18. Get enough sleep.

19. Create order out of chaos. Organize your home and workplace so that you always know exactly where things are. Put things away where they belong and you don’t have to go through he stress of losing things.

20. When feeling stressed, most people tend to breath in short, shallow breaths. When you breath like this, stale air is not expelled, oxidation of tissues is inadequate, and muscle tension usually results. Check your breathing throughout the day. If you find your stomach muscles are knotted and your breathing is shallow, relax your muscles and take several breaths.

21. Learn to live one day at a time.

22. Every day, do something you enjoy.

23. Talk it out. Discussing your problems with a trusted friend can help you clear your mind of confusion so that you can concentrate on problem solving.

24. Do something for someone else.

25. Do something that will improve your appearance. Looking better can help you feel better.

26. Schedule a realistic day. Avoid the tendency to schedule back to back appointments.

27. Become more flexible. Some things are worth not doing perfectly and some issues are well to compromise upon.

28. Eliminate destructive self talk: “I’m too old to..”’ “I’m too fat...”’ etc.

29. Learn to delegate responsibility to capable others.

30. If an especially “unpleasant” task faces you, do it early in the day and get it over with. Then the rest of the day will be free of anxiety.

31. Take care of today’s as best as you can and yesterday’s and Tamar’s will take care of themselves.

32. Allow yourself time-everyday-for privacy, quiet, and introspection.

33. Do one thing at a time. When you are with someone, be with that person and no one else or nothing else.

34. Have a forgiving view of events and people. Accept the fact that we live in an imperfect world.

35. Have an optimistic view of the world. Believe that most people are doing the best that they can.

How to Improve Your Life with Story Editing

Concerns about Stigma Undermine ADHD Treatment for Adolescents

Concerns about Stigma Undermine ADHD Treatment for Adolescents

Because ADHD frequently persists into adolescence, and continues to undermine teens' academic and social functioning, most adolescents continue to need treatment. However, as issues of self-direction and autonomy become more important for teens, resistance to treatment for ADHD - medication or otherwise - frequently intensifies and many adolescents stop treatment prematurely. This is a challenge that many parents struggle with.

It is thus important to understand the factors - particularly adolescents' perspectives on treatment - that affect the receipt of ADHD treatment during this critical developmental period. Examining this issue was the focus of a study published recently in the Journal of Adolescent Health [Bussing et al (2011). Receiving treatment for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Do the perspectives of adolescents matter. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 7-14.]

Participants were 168 adolescents - about 50% female - and their parents recruited through a public school system in the US. These adolescents screened positive for ADHD in elementary school and were contacted 6 years later for a follow-up assessment. At follow-up, over 60% continued to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD and many others still had elevated levels of ADHD symptoms. The researchers were interested in how many adolescents had received ADHD treatment in the past year and the parent and child characteristics that predicted the receipt of treatment.


- Parent Perspectives -

Clinical need - Parents rated their teen on symptoms of ADHD, disruptive behavior, emotional distress and overall impairment. High levels of symptoms reflected high clinical need for treatment.

Treatment receptivity - Parents rated how receptive they were towards obtaining medication treatment or counseling for their child.

Caregiver strain - Parents rated the effect of caring for a child with emotional or behavioral problems, such as demands on time, financial strain, worry, guilt, and embarrassment. High scores reflect high levels of strain associated with caring for their child.


- Adolescent Perspectives -

Clinical need - Teens their symptoms of ADHD, disruptive behavior, emotional distress and overall impairment. High levels of symptoms reflected high clinical need for treatment.

Treatment receptivity - Teens rated how receptive they were towards obtaining medication treatment or counseling.

ADHD Stigma - This measure assessed teens' perception that being diagnosed and treated for ADHD would be stigmatizing.


Receipt of mental health services

Lifetime and past-year receipt of mental health services for each adolescent was gathered through detailed interviews with parents. This interview inquired about the receipt of services in a wide range of settings and asked about counseling services and medication treatment.


- Results -

Lifetime and past year mental health service usage

Although most adolescents, i.e, 79%, had received mental health intervention at some point in their lives, only 42% received any services in the past year. This was true even though most continued to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD and/or continued to struggle with symptoms.

Agreement between parent and teen perspectives

Parent and teen reports of the teen's emotional distress showed moderate agreement. However, agreement on symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and disruptive behavior was poor. Agreement on receptivity to treatment for ADHD was also poor.

Predictors of prior year use of mental health services

The researchers were especially interested in what predicted adolescents' receipt of mental health services during the past year. Interestingly, neither socioeconomic status or insurance coverage were significant predictors. Neither were parent ratings of their child's hyperactive and disruptive behavior.

Instead, teens who had received services were rated by parents as more inattentive, more depressed, and more impaired in their daily functioning. Treatment was also more likely when parents were more receptive to medication treatment.


What about adolescents' perspectives?

Even after taking these parental factors into account, adolescents' perspectives emerged as significant predictors of treatment receipt. Adolescents who rated themselves as more impaired and who had more positive attitudes towards medication were more likely to have been treated. The most powerful predictor, however, was concerns that ADHD was stigmatizing. Adolescents who were worried about being stigmatized for ADHD were far less likely to have received treatment in the past year than other teens.


- Summary and implications -

Results from this study indicate that many adolescents struggling with ADHD have not received any mental health services in the prior year. Especially noteworthy was that even after accounting for parents' perceptions of their child's functioning and their receptivity to medication treatment, adolescents' own attitudes were important predictors of receiving treatment.

Teens who felt they were not functioning well in their daily lives were more likely to have been treated. And, adolescents with concerns about ADHD stigma were far less likely to have received treatment during the prior year. In fact, this was the strongest predictor of all.

These findings highlight the importance of eliciting adolescents' perceptions of the need for ADHD treatment, and concerns related to treatment, during evaluation and treatment planning. In particular, health professionals should discuss concerns teens may have about being stigmatized for ADHD as these concerns can substantially undermine an adolescent's willingness to initiate or continue with indicated treatment.

These results also suggest that when a teenager refuses treatment, or protests continuing, parents should recognize that there may be more involved than their child's being oppositional, not recognizing the reality of what they require, or exercising their desire for autonomy and self-determination. While these factors may certainly be involved, an adolescent's worries about being stigmatized can be especially important and need to be understood and addressed. There is a need to develop effective interventions for addressing such concerns.

Mark Myers expert answer to: My wife has frequent bouts of suicidal depression but refuses anti-depressants. What can I do?

Lessons from Sherlock Holmes: The Situation Is in the Mindset of the Observer

Do we all experience the world in the same way? Is the same event actually the same event when viewed from the vantage point of each observer, each participant, each accidental onlooker? I’m not trying here to get at the more philosophical issues that one can raise, quite naturally, in response (is the red you see, for instance, the same red I see?). Rather, what I’m asking is, on a much broader, surface level: do you perceive as I perceive?

Antipsychotics Increasingly Prescribed for Anxiety

Researchers find a significant rise in antipsychotic prescriptions for patients diagnosed with

anxiety disorders, despite limited studies on safety and efficacy of the medications for these disorders.

Top 5 Tips for Safe, Healthy School Year

Keep your kids safe this year by taking a few minutes to make sure they're prepared for the school year

Night Owls More Likely to Experience Nightmares

Night owls might think staying up late is a real hoot, but a new study hints that delayed sleep might have a sinister side. People who hit the sack late might have a greater risk of experiencing nightmares, according to scientists, although they add that follow-up research is needed to confirm the link.

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: Why do facts not matter to some people?

Why do facts not matter to some people?
I understand that when people have already made up their mind in certain regards, facts only bolster their opinions in believing their delusions. Why is this?

In-School Screening Picks Up Mental Health Issues

School-based mental health screening identifies troubled kids and helps get them into care, researchers found

Parenting doesn't have to be a scream

Screaming to get your point across is as effective as going France, turning your English up to volume 10 and assuming that now the natives will understand that you

just want a regular cup of coffee, not an espresso.

Prevalence of Mental Disorders Linked to Gender Differences

The prevalence rates of mental illness are associated with gender differences, with

women having higher rates of anxiety or depression and men having higher rates of substance abuse or antisocial disorders, according to a study published online Aug. 15 in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

ADD/ADHD and Diet

Scientists finally agree with parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) who have suspected a connection between the kinds of foods their children eat and their behavior and symptoms .

Knowing When Your Child may Need professional Help.

Seven Signs Your Kid Needs Professional Help
By CHARLES H. ELLIOTT, PH.D.

Addiction, chronic pain in the workplace:

Chronic pain is one of the most common causes of disability, and it can have serious implications for both employees and employers. For example, following are the results of a few American studies published in JAMA and the American Psychological Association’s Psychological Bulletin.

Too Hard For Science? The Number of Memories Created in a Day

How does one remember thee? Can one count the ways?

In “Too Hard For Science?” I interview scientists about ideas they would love to explore that they don’t think could be investigated. For instance, they might involve machines beyond the realm of possibility, such as devices as big as galaxies, or they might be completely unethical, such as experimenting on children like lab rats. This feature aims to look at the impossible dreams, the seemingly intractable problems in science. However, the question mark at the end of “Too Hard For Science?” suggests that nothing might be impossible.

Father Time: Children with Older Dads at Greater Risk for Mental Illness

A mother's age is often considered a genetic risk factor for offspring, but research is now

pointing the finger at fathers, too—particularly when it comes to the mental health of their progeny. Males may have the advantage of lifelong fertility, but as they grow older, the rate of genetic mutations passed on via their sperm cells increases significantly—putting their children at increased risk for psychiatric disorders, especially autism and schizophrenia. Two recent studies support this link at least associatively, but experts remain uncertain if age is the cause of these problems.

What are the best ways to dramatically change the way I think about things?

Mark Myers Expert Answer to:What are the best ways to dramatically change the way I think about things?

Teaching Styles for Students

We’ve all heard the theory that some students are visual learners, while others are auditory learners. And still other kids learn best when lessons involve movement.
But should teachers target instruction based on perceptions of students’ strengths? Several psychologists say education could use some “evidence-based” teaching techniques, not unlike the way doctors try to use “evidence-based medicine.”

Improve Working Memory for ADHD Children

Working memory is the ability to hold information in mind while performing complex tasks. A young

child is able to execute simple tasks -- sharpen his pencil when asked -- while one in middle school can remember the expectations of multiple teachers. Many kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) have weak working memory because distraction prevents them from taking in the information they have to remember. Parents and teachers can help ADD/ADHD students develop strategies for remembering more, and, equally important, remind them to use the strategies they came up with.

Postpartum violence

Postpartum psychosis is an illness that includes delusions (strange thoughts) and sometimes auditory hallucinations (hearing voices). The woman believes these delusions and hallucinations in her psychotic state.

Adolescent Anger and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

If you think that only adults are advised to take therapy sessions for their anger management, then think again.

Have you heard of ODD or Oppositional Defiant Disorder? If not, then let me tell you about it.
A person suffering from ODD experiences persistent anger, angry outbursts, disregard for authority, and the likes. This is experienced not just by adults, but by children as well.

Traumatic brain injury linked to schizophrenia

Traumatic brain injury can have serious and long-lasting consequences, such as memory loss, motor coordination problems, and depression. Now a new study suggests that it can also make it more likely to trigger schizophrenia, a mental health disorder characterized by impairments in judgment, thinking and perception.

Tips For Sports Parents

Sports Psychology Guidelines For Sports Parents

Patrick J. Cohn, Ph.D.

Sports parents have a big impact on their young superstars. A healthy and successful sports experience will depend on sports parents' ability to instill confidence and self-esteem in athletes. Read sports psychology expert, Dr. Patrick Cohn's view on how to make sports a successful and fun experience.

Tips for When Teens Say No to Homework Help

Living with your teenager is challenging in and of itself; you and your spouse have probably spent countless hours trying to assist them only to find out that they do not want your help.

Teens desire nothing more than independence from their parents. They crave autonomy even though they still want parental feedback and approval. Teens are known for testing parental boundaries and limits. In addition, hormonal changes can wreak havoc on their daily moods. One moment an adolescent can seem perfectly secure and happy and the next they can snap out an innocuous comment. Homework and academic expectations add another layer of stress. If this situation sounds familiar, try any one of the following strategies.

Childhood Vaccines Cleared of Autism, Diabetes Link in New Report U.S. Institute of Medicine finds "very little evidence" of serious harm

From Nature magazine

Vaccines are largely safe, and do not cause autism or diabetes, the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) said in a report issued today. This conclusion followed a review of more than 1,000 published research studies.

"We looked very hard and found very little evidence of serious adverse harms from vaccines," says Ellen Wright Clayton, chairwoman of the reporting committee and director of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "The message I would want parents to have is one of reassurance."

The report, commissioned in 2009 by the US Health Resources and Services Administration, covers the eight vaccines that comprise the majority of claims filed with the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), which compensates people for adverse health effects from any of 11 vaccines.

Co-Sleeping: Parenting Tips to Help Get Your Children Out of Your Bed and Into Their Own

Parents' joy in their children can sometimes turn to frustration when those children refuse to

sleep in their own beds.

There's even a name for the behavior. Experts call it co-sleeping -- when children prefer to sleep in their parents' bed.

Some parents are too embarrassed to admit their children sleep in their beds with them.
While some find nothing wrong with it, the practice has its critics. They say bed sharing can have a negative impact on a child's growth.

"There really are skills that a child needs to be able to learn from sleeping on their own, to self-sooth, to calm themselves, to clear their head," John Carosso, a child psychologist, told "Good Morning America."

In past coverage of the issue of co-sleeping, "GMA" gathered some experts' tips to help get your children out of your beds and into their own:

Tips to End Co-Sleeping

Have a goldfish or small pet in the room to keep children company.
Have a "mommy" or "daddy" teddy bear to snuggle with.

Spend time with children before bed. This is a good time to read to them. You can even have a "sleep party" with mom and dad in the child's bed before they go to sleep.

At the start, use special gifts from the "sleep fairy," like the tooth fairy. If they sleep in their own bed, they get a little morning present.

More Tips From Around the Web

Be tough. According to Parenting.com, after the decision is made, parents need to quit co-sleeping cold turkey. Take midnight visitors back to bed, even if they fight the journey. If there's crying, tough it out.

When it comes to nightmares, treat their irrational fears like tangible ones, says parenting expert Elizabeth Pantley. "After all, most kids believe that the tooth fairy and Big Bird are real, too," Pantley says on her Web site, Pantley.com.

Click HERE to read Pantley's answers to common co-sleeping questions.

Babycenter.com says it's OK to address the child's fears. If they're afraid of the dark, maybe use a nightlight. Monsters under the bed? Give it a check the first few times. "A spray-bottle filled with extra-strength monster-deterrent (a.k.a. water) can also provide late-night comfort," the website says.

Supernanny.com says parents shouldn't forget to praise their children's success when they do sleep alone.

Mark Myers expert Answer to: Are certain people more likely to become addicts and why?

Mark Myers Expert Answer to: Are certain people more likely to become addicts and why?

7 Things our Hands say About Our Health

hey're one of the most important parts of our body when it comes to day-to-day activities; without them we couldn't cut vegetables, grip pliers, or text our friends. They're revealing, too: Not only do scars and age spots recount our personal history but mystics all the way back to prehistory have "read" our futures in their lines and whorls.

But what if your hands could say more about you than that? What if, looking down at your palms and the five digits attached to them, you could discover early signs of dangerous diseases you didn't yet know you had? "It used to be common for doctors to look at the hands for important clues to overall health," says endocrinologist Kenneth Blanchard of Newton, Massachusetts. "We need to get back to that, because hands can tell you a great deal about circulation, hormones, and thyroid function."

Here are seven important clues your hands can reveal about your overall health.

From Medscape Medical News > Psychiatry
ADHD Rates Continue to Rise in the United States

August 22, 2011 — Rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in US children

continue to trend upward, report health officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics.

According to Lara J. Akinbami, MD, and colleagues, the percentage of American children diagnosed as having ADHD increased from 6.9% in 1998-2000 to 9.0% in 2007 to 2009.

From 1998 through 2009, ADHD prevalence was higher among boys than girls. For boys, ADHD prevalence increased from 9.9% in 1998-2000 to 12.3% in 2007-2009 and for girls from 3.6% to 5.5% during the same period.

ADHD prevalence varied by race and ethnicity, but differences between most groups narrowed from 1998 through 2009, the study authors note.

For non-Hispanic white children, ADHD prevalence increased from 8.2% in 1998-2000 to 10.6% in 2007-2009 and from 5.1% to 9.5% for non-Hispanic black children. Mexican children had consistently lower ADHD prevalence than other racial or ethnic groups.

From 1998 through 2009, ADHD prevalence increased to roughly 10% among children with family income less than 100% of the poverty level and to 11% for those with family income between 100% and 199% of the poverty level.

The report also shows regional differences in ADHD prevalence. In the Midwest, ADHD prevalence rose from 7.1% in 1998-2000 to 10.2% in 2007-2009. In the South, rates rose from 8.1% to 10.3% for the 2 periods.

In 1998-2000, ADHD prevalence was higher in the South region than in all other regions. In 2007-2009, ADHD prevalence was similar in the South and Midwest regions; prevalence in these 2 regions was higher than in the Northeast and West regions, the report indicates.

Dr. Akinbami and colleagues note that these prevalence estimates "are based on parental report of the child ever receiving a diagnosis and thus may be affected by the accuracy of parental memory (including recall bias), by differential access to healthcare between groups (diagnostic bias), or by willingness to report an ADHD diagnosis."

They also point out that it was not possible to discern whether rising prevalence of ADHD "indicates a true change in prevalence or increased detection and diagnosis of ADHD."

Nevertheless, the societal costs of ADHD — including those associated with medical, educational, and criminal justice resources — are large, they write.

ADHD is one of the most common mental health disorders of childhood. Hallmark symptoms, including difficulty staying focused and controlling behavior, begin in childhood and often persist into adulthood, leading to functional impairment in academic, family, and social settings. The causes and risk factors are unknown, but genetic factors likely play a role.

National Center for Health Statistics Brief. 2011:70.

Mark Myers Expert Answer onHow should you interact with someone who has a crush on your significant other?:

Mark Myers Expert Answer onHow should you interact with someone who has a crush on your significant other?:

Is childhood abuse behind tough-to-treat depression?

(CBS) Why do some depressed people never seem to get better? A provocative new study suggests it may come down to the amount of mistreatment they experienced as kids.

A new study suggests adults who were abused as children are twice as likely to develop lasting bouts of depression as their counterparts who did not experience childhood mistreatment. And scientists say that can seriously impact their treatment and recovery.

For the study - published in the August 14 issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry - researchers reviewed 26 studies on 23,000 people where they saw the increased likelihood of recurrent depression among adults who were abused as kids. The researchers say previous studies show mistreated children and adults have more "biological abnormalities" in the brain, endocrine and immune system, which could alter treatment.

"Childhood maltreatment is associated both with an increased risk of developing recurrent and persistent episodes of depression, and with an increased risk of responding poorly to treatment," study author Dr. Andrea Danese, professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at King's College London, said in a written statement. The researchers found antidepressant medication, psychological treatment, or combinations of the two were less effective in those who suffered childhood abuse.

Danese told Reuters that knowing a formerly abused patient won't respond to treatment may "be valuable for clinicians in determining patients' prognosis."

What treatments would work then? The authors themselves aren't sure. Study co-author Dr. Rudolf Uher, a professor of psychiatry at Kings College told Reuters treatments may focus on the "biological vulnerabilities associated with childhood maltreatment." The hope is future treatments would be given preventively at an earlier age to be more effective long term.

An estimated one in 10 American adults are depressed, but the disease goes beyond feeling down in the dumps. It can adversely affect other conditions such as arthritis, asthma, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. The World Health Organization estimates that by 2020, depression will be the second-leading contributor to the world's global disease burden.

Danese said in a written statement, "Identifying those at risk of multiple and long-lasting depressive episodes is crucial from a public health perspective."

Depression linked to stroke, vitamin D may help both

By David Liu, Ph.D.

Saturday, Aug 13, 2011 (foodconsumer.org) -- Being chronically depressed may be a sign of higher risk of stroke, according to a study in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart

Association.

The study led by Kathryn Rexrode, M.D.at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Mass found women who had a history of depression was at 29 percent higher risk of total stroke.

The study also found women who used anti-depressant medications particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were associated with a 39 percent increased risk of stroke. Anti-depressant drugs included Prozac, Celexa and Zoloft.

But the researchers speculated that it is not the medications that cause a higher risk of stroke. Instead use of the drugs only indicates that depression in the patients was more severe.

The study involved in 80,574 women ages 54 to 79 years in the Nurses' Health Study. Participants had no history of stroke at baseline. During the six-year follow-up, prevalence of depression at baseline was 22 percent in the participants and 1,033 strokes were identified.

Depressed women were often those who were single, smoking, and less physically active, according to the study. They were also more likely to have a higher body mass index, and diseases like heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure, compared to women without a history depression.

A healthy observer said the study suggests what increases the risk of depression may also increase the risk of stroke and vitamin D can be the missing link between the two.

One study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found men who had intake of 600 IU or more of vitamin D per day were 28 percent less likely to suffer stroke and heart attack, compared with those who had an intake of only 100 IU or less per day. In women, the risk reduction was 16 percent.

The study was conduced by Qi Sun of the Harvard School of public Health in Boston MA.

Another study published in 2008 in the journal Circulation linked low serum vitamin D levels with 60 percent higher risk for heart attack, stroke and heart failure, compared with those who had high levels of vitamin D.

Dr. Thomas Wang of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts and colleagues who conducted the study also reported that the association was even stronger among those with high blood pressure.

For the study, Wang et al. followed up 1,739 people at an average age of 59 in the Framingham Heart Study for five years.

Now low serum vitamin D is also associated with high risk of depression.

Nanri A and colleagues from International Medical center of Japan in Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan reported on Aug 19, 2009 in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition that people who had highest levels of vitamin D were 49 percent less likely to feel depressed.

In winter, high levels of vitamin D were found associated with lower risk of depression, particularly severe depression.

Many other studies also suggest that vitamin D can be the cause for depression.

Brain's synaptic pruning continues into your 20s

Brain's synaptic pruning continues into your 20s

16:07 17 August 2011 by Wendy Zukerman and Andrew Purcell
Magazine issue 2826. Subscribe and save
For similar stories, visit the Teenagers and The Human Brain Topic Guides
The synaptic pruning that helps sculpt the adolescent brain into its adult form continues to weed out weak neural connections throughout our 20s. The surprise finding could have implications for our understanding of schizophrenia, a psychological disorder which often appears in early adulthood.

As children, we overproduce the connections – synapses – between brain cells. During puberty the body carries out a kind of topiary, snipping away some synapses while allowing others to strengthen. Over a few years, the number of synapses roughly halves, and the adult brain emerges.

Or so we thought. Pasko Rakic at Yale University and colleagues at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, have now found that the brains of adults in their 20s are still subject to synaptic pruning.

Rakic's team analysed post-mortem tissue from a brain region called the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in 32 people aged between 1 week old and 91 years. Specifically, they calculated the density of dendritic spines – the tiny projections that protrude from the neuron's long dendrites, each of which facilitates communication with other neurons through a synapse.

As expected, Rakic's team found that spine density increased rapidly during infancy, reaching a peak before the 9th birthday. It then began to fall away as pruning began. Intriguingly, though, spine density did not plateau after adolescence, as might have been expected, but continued to fall gradually until the late 20s.

Rakic says the result could be good news for those hoping to gain new skills in their third decade. The period of pruning is associated with a heightened ability to learn – whether that is in picking up language skills or understanding new concepts, he says. "You should not give up learning just because you're in your 20s – it isn't too late," he says.

The finding also has implications for our understanding of some psychiatric disorders. The PFC is thought to be particularly relevant to late-onset disorders such as schizophrenia, says Rakic, but it is unclear whether such disorders are triggered by developmental or degenerative processes. The new finding is likely to give weight to the idea that schizophrenia emerges as a result of late brain development.

"I'm sure that for many people schizophrenia has a strong developmental component," says Sabine Bahn, who researches schizophrenia at the University of Cambridge – although she adds that some cases will likely have a degenerative component.

Elena Bagley at the University of Sydney, Australia, agrees with the conclusion. It is possible that the prefrontal cortex "is susceptible for longer to disorders and disease that result from abnormal pruning", she says. Such pruning may also contribute to memory loss and dementia, she adds.

Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105108108

Is there A Link Between creativity and Addiction?

Is There a Link Between Creativity and Addiction?
Addiction starts with genetics and the environment, but is triggered by stress
By David Biello | July 26, 2011 |

A drink of alcohol, any kind; "rails" of white powder; a pill prescribed by a pediatrician to assist with attention deficit disorder. Whatever the poison, addiction can take a powerful toll. Nor is it limited to drugs—food, sex and even death-defying stunts can exert the same pull.

But it seems to be a particular breed of person who succumbs to addiction, most recently exemplified by the late singer Amy Winehouse. She joins the "27 Club" of rock stars who died, via addictive behavior, too young—Kurt Cobain, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison. Nor is it limited to the rock-and-roll lifestyle—Thomas de Quincey invented the modern addiction memoir with his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater in 1821. In fact, the list of addicts often overlaps with the giants of culture.

So is there a link between creativity and addiction? To find out, Scientific American spoke with neuroscientist David Linden of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and author of The Compass of Pleasure: How Our Brains Make Fatty Foods, Orgasm, Exercise, Marijuana, Generosity, Vodka, Learning and Gambling Feel So Good.

[An edited transcript of the interview follows.]

Is there a link between creativity and addiction?
No. I think the link is not between creativity and addiction per se. There is a link between addiction and things which are a prerequisite for creativity…. We know that 40 percent of a predisposition to addiction is genetically determined, via studies on heritability in families and twins. There's no single addiction gene. We don't even know all the genes involved in conferring addiction risk. But the ones we do know have to do with the signaling of the neurotransmitter dopamine for pleasure and reward.

You don't become addicted because you feel pleasure strongly. On the contrary, addicts seem to want it more but like it less. They feel pleasures more weakly and are more likely to try more to achieve more. This blunted dopamine hypothesis is supported by brain-imaging studies and biochemistry tests in rats and monkeys. It also holds for addictions to food, sex and gambling.

Genetic variants make for a low-functioning dopamine system, specifically D2 receptors. If you carry those variants, you are more likely to be more risk-taking, novelty-seeking and compulsive. None of which are explicitly creative, but they are things that get to creativity. So novelty-seeking might be a spur to creativity. Risk-taking might lead you to go more out on a limb. If you're compulsive, you might be more motivated to get your art, science idea or novel out into the world. These traits that come from having low dopamine function have an upside. These traits can contribute to people having great success in the world, like business leaders.

Genetics is 40 percent, it's not 100 percent—it's not the whole show. It's possible to carry the variants and not be an addict, and it's possible to not carry the variants and still be an addict.

Is there a link between addiction and other human attributes we might value?
There have been some studies in Scandinavia associating personality traits with the genetics of D2 receptors. If you carry these variants that turn down dopamine, you become more socially desirable. There is something charismatic about risk-takers.

Does curing the addiction eliminate the creativity?
Usually not. When you cure the addiction, you're not changing your genes. People are in recovery for life…. There is always a tremendous risk of relapse. Successful recovering addicts adopt behavioral strategies that allow you to resist or reduce cravings.

If you develop a full-blown addiction to a drug, the indications in rats are that it changes the brain forever. You can get it back a little but never entirely.

Is there a specific time that is more vulnerable?
There is nothing magic about that age [27]. Brain maturation ends at about age 20. In the early 20s, you have your adult brain. In the late 20s, it's the same.

Generally speaking, 27 is an age where you can have achieved a lot and be at a place that is very enabling. The one thing that we really know about relapse and addiction is that it is stress-triggered. Anyone dealing with an addict knows that relapse doesn't happen when things are going great.

Stress is a biological phenomenon. We know the intermediate steps. You argue or you're fighting off an infection and your body releases stress hormones, which bind to receptors in the brain pleasure circuitry that ultimately result in cravings. We know how stress causes craving…. The two biggest factors are genetics and stress.